the Black Continent

A a.

1 (di color) nero: a black skirt, una gonna nera; black smoke, fumo nero; black ants, formiche nere; The sky was black, il cielo era nero

2 ( di caffè o tè) nero; senza latte

3 ( anche Black) nero; dei neri; (in USA, anche) afroamericano: two black men, due neri; a black American, un nero americano; un afroamericano; black English, dialetto inglese parlato dai neri americani; Black Studies, studi afroamericani; the black vote, il voto dei neri (o degli afroamericani)

4 nero; cupo; tetro; brutto; truce; orribile; tragico: a black day, un giorno nero; un giorno orribile; black despair, nera disperazione; to be in a black mood, essere di umor nero; Things look black, la situazione è grave; to paint a black picture of st., fare un quadro nero di qc.

5 furioso; iroso; minaccioso: a black look, un'occhiata furiosa; un'occhiataccia; to be black in the face, avere l'aria furiosa; to look as black as thunder, essere infuriato; avere una faccia da temporale

6 (antiq.) malvagio; nero: black deeds, azioni malvage; malefatte; black ingratitude, nera ingratitudine; black-hearted, dall'anima nera; malvagio

7 illegale; nero; in nero; sommerso, sporco: black economy, economia sommersa; black market, mercato nero; borsa nera; black marketeer, borsanerista; borsaro nero; black money, denaro sporco NOTA D'USO: - in nero-

8 (antiq., GB) boicottato ( dai sindacati in sciopero): black goods, merci boicottate

B n.

1 [u] nero ( colore o sostanza): Black is my favourite colour, il nero è il mio colore preferito; painted in black and yellow, dipinto di giallo e nero; pitch black, nero come la pece; to dress in black (o to wear black) vestire di nero; to put on black, vestirsi a lutto; mettere il lutto

2 [u] oscurità; nero; buio

3 ( scacchi e dama: Black) il Nero

4 ( biliardo) palla nera

5 ( anche Black) nero; persona di pelle nera.

● Black Africa, l'Africa nera □ black and blue, coperto di lividi: to beat sb. black and blue, riempire q. di lividi □ black and tan (sost.), varietà di terrier ( cane); (GB) miscela di birra amara e di birra forte: (stor.) the Black and Tans, i Black and Tans NOTE DI CULTURA: Black and Tans: il corpo britannico di ausiliari formato in gran parte da ex militari, inviato in Irlanda nel 1920 a sostegno della Royal Irish Constabulary, la polizia irlandese, e famoso per la durezza dei suoi metodi repressivi; così chiamato dai colori dell'uniforme □ black and white, (fotogr., TV, cinem.) in bianco e nero; (fig.) assolutistico, senza sfumature □ the black art, la magia nera; la negromanzia □ (zool.) black bear ( Ursus americanus), orso nero □ (fam. GB) black beetle, scarafaggio □ ( judo, karate) black belt, cintura nera □ (med. stor.) black bile, bile nera; atrabile □ (fis.) black body, corpo nero □ (mus.) black bottom, black bottom ( danza diffusa in USA negli anni Venti) □ black box, (aeron.) scatola nera; (fig.) strumento misterioso, sistema occulto □ (lett.) black-browed, adirato; scuro in viso □ (bot.) black bryony ( Tamus communis), tamaro; vite nera □ ( cucina) black butter, burro color nocciola con aceto □ ( scherma) black card, cartellino nero ( dell'arbitro) □ the Black Continent, il continente nero □ (in GB) the Black Country, la zona industriale delle Midlands occidentali □ (stor.) the Black Death, la peste nera □ (miner.) black diamond, carbonado □ (fam.) black dog, depressione; melanconia □ black eye, occhio nero, occhio pesto: to give sb. a black eye, fare un occhio nero a q. □ black-eyed bean, fagiolo dall'occhio (o con l'occhio nero) □ black flag, (stor.) bandiera nera ( dei pirati, ecc.); (autom.) bandierina nera □ (zool.) black fly ► blackfly □ (geogr.) the Black Forest, la Foresta nera □ (relig.) Black Friar, (frate) domenicano □ (agric.) black frost, gelo nero, freddo intenso ( senza neve né brina) □ black game (collett.), fagiano di monte ( come selvaggina) □ black gold, oro nero ( petrolio) □ (zool.) black grouse ( Lyrurus tetrix), fagiano di monte □ ( Internet) black hat hacker, hacker malevolo □ (astron., fis.) black hole, buco nero □ black humour, umorismo nero □ black ice, verglas (franc.); vetrato □ ( banca) black interest, interessi attivi □ (fig., stor.) black ivory, l'avorio nero ( gli schiavi africani) □ black jack = black flag ► sopra □ (fin.) black knight, cavaliere nero; chi lancia un'OPA ostile □ (ind.) black lead, piombaggine; grafite □ (tipogr.) black letter, carattere gotico □ (fis.) black light, raggi ultravioletti e infrarossi; luce nera □ black list ► blacklist □ ( USA) black lung, silicosi □ black magic, la magia nera; la negromanzia □ ( slang) Black Maria, furgone cellulare □ black mark, nota di biasimo □ black mass, messa nera □ Black Monday, (fin.) il lunedì nero (il 19 ottobre 1987, giorno del crollo della Borsa di New York); (arc.) lunedì di Pasqua □ (relig.) Black Monk, (frate) benedettino □ (polit.) Black Muslim, musulmano nero □ black oil, petrolio grezzo □ black-on-black, ( di colori) nero su nero; (fig.) invisibile o volutamente offuscato; (spec. di crimine, ecc.) di un nero nei confronti di un altro nero: black-on-black print, fantasia nero su nero; black-on-black violence, violenza commessa da un nero su un altro nero; black-on-black racism, razzismo di un nero nei confronti di un altro nero □ ( slang USA) black operator, agente segreto □ (polit.) Black Panther, Pantera nera □ (polit.) Black Power, Potere nero; Black Power □ ( banca) black products, numeri neri □ ( cucina) black pudding, sanguinaccio; migliaccio □ (in GB) Black Rod, usciere della Camera dei Lord □ (agric.) black rot, marciume nero □ (bot.) black salsify, scorzonera □ (geogr.) the Black Sea, il Mar Nero □ (fig.) black sheep, pecora nera □ (zool.) black skimmer ( Rhynchops nigra), rincope nero □ black spot, zona calda; punto caldo; situazione critica; (autom.) punto pericoloso, punto della morte; ( di radioricevente, ecc.) zona d'ombra; (zool., Diplocarpon rosae) fungo delle rose □ (fotogr.) black strip, pecetta □ (zool.) black swan, cigno nero □ black tie, cravatta a farfalla nera; ( per estens.) abito da sera, smoking □ black-tie (agg.), formale; in cui è d'obbligo l'abito da sera □ black water, acque luride □ (zool.) black widow ( Latrodectus mactans), vedova nera □ (fam. Austral.) beyond the black stump, in una zona remota dell'interno; in capo al mondo □ to be in sb. 's black books, essere nel libro nero di q.; non essere nelle grazie di q. □ (fig.) in black and white, per iscritto; nero su bianco; ( anche) senza sfumature, in modo semplicistico, o tutto nero o tutto bianco: to have st. down in black and white, mettere qc. per iscritto; mettere nero su bianco; to see things in black and white, vedere le cose in modo semplicistico □ in the black, ( banca) in credito, in nero; (econ.) in attivo □ not as black as one is painted, non così nero come lo si dipinge □ to swear black is white, negare l'evidenza dei fatti

1 annerire; sporcare

2 pulire con piombaggine ( stufe, ecc.)

3 lucidare di nero ( le scarpe)

4 (antiq. GB) boicottare (merci, un'azienda, ecc.)

● to black sb. 's eye, fare un occhio nero a q.

m continent

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continente¹ s.m. continent; ( terraferma) mainland // Continente Nero, the Black Continent; il Nuovo Continente, the New World.

continente² agg. continent; temperate, moderate: essere continente nel bere, to drink in moderation.

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(gen) continent, (terraferma) mainland

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sostantivo maschile geogr.

1) (parte del mondo) continent

2) (in contrapposizione a un'isola) mainland

1) (casto) continent; (moderato) temperate

2) med. continent

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/konti'nεnte/

sostantivo m.

 1 (parte del mondo) continent; il vecchio, il nuovo continente the Old, New World

 2 (in contrapposizione a un'isola) mainland.

————————

/konti'nεnte/

aggettivo

 1 (casto) continent; (moderato) temperate

 2 med. continent.

1. black

(за хляб) brown

(почернял от слънце) brown, sunburnt, tanned

(за метали) ferrous

(за шрифт) thick, bold, boldface

черен като дявол as black as the devil

черен като смола black as jet, jet-black

черен като катран as black as a raven/a crow, as black as coal/ink/pitch

черен хайвер caviar(e)

черна дъска blackboard

черен молив a lead/black pencil

черен пипер pepper

черна мед matte

черна бира porter, dark beer

2. прен. black, dismal, gloomy

черни дни hard times

за черни дни against a rainy day

черни мисли black/gloomy thoughts

черно дело a black deed

черна неблагодарност black ingratitude

черен неблагодарник a monster of ingratitude

светът ми е черен have the dismals, be in the dismals

черен петък Black Friday

роден на черен петък born unlucky, born under an evil star, evil-starred

3. (за вход, стълбище) back, service (attr.)

черен двор backyard

черно стълбище back stairs

4. същ. black

черните the blacks, ам. the coloured men/people

черна борса black market

черен гологан a bad penny, вж. гологан

черен дроб liver

черно духовенство regular clergy

черно злато coal

черният континент the Dark Continent

черна овца прен. a black sheep

черен път a dirt road

черна работа dirty/menial work, a dirty/menial job, разг. sweat, ( нетворческа) routine work

върша черната работа за някого jackal for s.o.

черен списък a black list

влизам в черния списък be blacklisted

в черния списък на някого съм be in s.o.'s black/bad books

в черния списък съм be on the black list, be blacklisted

слагам в черния списък blacklist, put in/on the black list, put in o.'s black/bad books

заради черните очи на някого for s.o.'s beaux yeux

черен Петър (игра) Black Peter

виждам в черна светлина see in the worst light

черен ми е пред очите I can't bear the sight of him

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чѐрен,

прил., -на, -но, -ни 1. black; (за хляб) brown; ( почернял от слънце) brown, sunburnt, tanned; (за метали) ferrous; (за шрифт) thick, bold, boldface; \черенен като дявол as black as the devil; \черенен като катран as black as a raven/a crow, as black as coal/ink/pitch; \черенен като смола black as jet, jet-black; \черенен молив a lead/black pencil; \черенен пипер pepper; \черенен хайвер caviar(e); \черенна бира porter, dark beer; \черенна дъска blackboard; \черенна мед matte;

2. прен. black, dismal, gloomy; за \черенни дни against a rainy day; роден на \черенен петък born unlucky, born under an evil star, evil-starred; светът ми е \черенен have the dismals, be in the dismals; \черенен неблагодарник a monster of ingratitude; \черенен петък Black Friday; \черенни дни hard times; \черенни мисли black/gloomy thoughts; \черенно дело a black deed;

3. (за вход, стълбище) back; service (attr.); \черенен двор backyard;

4. като същ. black; \черенните the blacks, амер. the coloured men/people;

5. като същ. ср. black; mourning; в \черенно in black, (в траур) in mourning; казвам на \черенното бяло call black white; • виждам в \черенна светлина see in the worst light; влизам в \черенния списък be blacklisted; върша \черенната работа за някого jackal for s.o.; stooge for s.o.; заради \черенните очи на някого for s.o.’s beaux yeux; \черенен гологан bad penny; \черенен дроб liver; \черенен ми е пред очите I can’t bear the sight of him; \черенен Петър ( игра) Black Peter; \черенен път dirt road; \черенен списък a black list; \черенна борса/пазар grey/black market; \черенна кутия (на самолет) black box, flight recorder; \черенна овца прен. black sheep; \черенна работа dirty/menial/job, разг. sweat, donkey work, ( нетворческа) routine work; \черенният континент прен. the Dark Continent; \черенно духовенство regular clergy; \черенно злато coal; човек, който върши \черенната работа henchman.

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black: черен pepper - черен пипер, черенboard - черна дъска, a черен pencil - черен молив, а черен market - черна борса, черен magic- черна магия; ferrous (за метали); liver - черен дроб; caviar - черен хайвер; dark ; a dirt road - черен път

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1. allg. black (auch Kaffee, Tee, Hautfarbe); (sonnenverbrannt)... with a dark tan, dark brown; umg. (schmutzig) black, filthy; schwarz wie die Nacht / Ebenholz (as) black as night / ebony; die schwarzen Amerikaner the African Americans; du hast dich im Gesicht schwarz gemacht you’ve got your face all black; schwarze Finger / Fingernägel black ( oder grubby) fingers / fingernails; schwarz werden (schmutzig) get black ( oder filthy dirty); Silber: tarnish, go black; mir wurde schwarz vor Augen everything went black; schwarz von Menschen Straße etc.: swarming with people

2. feste Kombinationen: schwarze Blattern MED. smallpox; schwarzes Brett notice board, bulletin board; der Schwarze Erdteil the Dark Continent; schwarzes Gold fig. black gold; die schwarze Kunst (Alchimie) the black art; (Druckkunst) the art of printing; schwarze Magie Black Magic; der schwarze Mann (Afrikaner) the black (man); umg. (Schornsteinfeger) the chimney sweep; umg. (Kinderschreck) the bogeyman; das Schwarze Meer GEOG. the Black Sea; schwarze Messe Black Mass; der schwarze Tod MED., HIST. the Black Death; Schwarze Witwe ZOOL. black widow

3. fig.: schwarz auf weiß in black and white, in cold print; das kann ich dir schwarz auf weiß geben you can take that from me; wieder schwarze Zahlen schreiben be in the black again; da kann er warten, bis er schwarz wird umg. he can wait till he’s blue in the face

4. (düster) black, gloomy; schwarzer Humor black humo(u)r; THEAT. black comedy; schwarzen Gedanken nachhängen (auf Rache sinnen) be plotting revenge; (schwermütig sein) be sunk in gloom (and despondency)

5. (ungesetzlich) illicit, illegal; schwarzer Markt black market; schwarze Kasse POL. slush fund; die schwarzen Konten der Partei the party’s illegal accounts, the party’s slush funds; schwarze Liste black list; jemanden auf die schwarze Liste setzen blacklist s.o.

6. umg., POL. (konservativ) conservative, right-wing; BRD: Christian Democrat; RELI. (katholisch) Catholic

7. (schlecht) ein schwarzer Tag a black day; der Schwarze Freitag Black Friday; es sieht schwarz für ihn aus things are looking black ( oder bad) for him

8. schwarzes Loch ASTRON. black hole; schwarzer Körper PHYS. black body

9. Schwarzer Peter (Spiel) etwa old maid; jemandem den schwarzen Peter zuspielen umg., fig. pass the buck to s.o.

10. Kartenspiel: schwarz werden not win a single trick; Schaf etc.

1. geschrieben, gekleidet etc.: in black; färben, streichen: black; schwarz gerändert Umschlag etc.: meist attr. black-edged; Augen: dark-rimmed; schwarz gerändert sein have black edges; Augen: have dark rims ( oder shadows); schwarz gestreift black-striped, with black stripes; schwarz gestreift sein have black stripes; schwarz umrandet with a black border; seinen Kaffee / Tee schwarz trinken drink one’s coffee black / one’s tea without milk

2. (illegal) illegally, illicitly; schwarz kaufen / verkaufen buy / sell on the black market; schwarz Schnaps brennen distil(l) spirits (Am. liquor) illicitly; schwarz über die Grenze gehen cross the border illegally; etw. schwarz machen lassen (in Schwarzarbeit) have s.th. made by a moonlighter; schwarz verdientes Geld money earned by moonlighting; siehe auch schwarzfahren, schwarzschlachten etc.

3. pessimistisch: schwarz malen paint a gloomy picture (of), see the gloomy side (of); grundsätzlich: take a very pessimistic view (of); alles schwarz malen always see the gloomy side of things; musst du immer alles schwarz malen? auch do you have to be so pessimistic about everything?; schwarz sehen be pessimistic ( für about), take a dim view of things; grundsätzlich: always look on the dark side of things; da sehe ich aber schwarz I don’t think there’s much hope, things don’t look too good; ich sehe schwarz für ihn auch I don’t see ( oder hold out) much hope for him

4. umg.: sich schwarz ärgern be hopping mad; ich hab mich schwarz geärgert (über mich selbst) I could have kicked myself

5. POL.: schwarz wählen vote for the right-wing candidate; BRD: vote Christian Democrat; Österreich: vote for the People’s Party; siehe auch blau

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black

* * *

nt -, no pl inv

* * *

1) (of the colour in which these words are printed: black paint.) black

2) (without milk: black coffee.) black

3) (evil: black magic.) black

4) ((especially South Africa) coloured; of mixed descent (increasingly used by people of mixed descent to refer to themselves).) black

5) (the colour in which these words are printed: Black and white are opposites.) black

6) (something (eg paint) black in colour: I've used up all the black.) black

7) ( adjective black as ebony.) ebony

8) (of the colour of soot.) sooty

* * *

nt kein pl black

in \Schwarz in black

in \Schwarz gehen [o sein] to wear black

* * *

* * *

A. adj

1. allg black (auch Kaffee, Tee, Hautfarbe); (sonnenverbrannt) … with a dark tan, dark brown; umg (schmutzig) black, filthy;

schwarz wie die Nacht/Ebenholz (as) black as night/ebony;

die schwarzen Amerikaner the African Americans;

du hast dich im Gesicht schwarz gemacht you’ve got your face all black;

schwarze Finger/Fingernägel black ( oder grubby) fingers/fingernails;

schwarz werden (schmutzig) get black ( oder filthy dirty); Silber: tarnish, go black;

mir wurde schwarz vor Augen everything went black;

schwarz von Menschen Straße etc: swarming with people

2. feste Kombinationen:

schwarze Blattern MED smallpox;

Schwarzes Brett notice board, bulletin board;

der Schwarze Erdteil the Dark Continent;

schwarzes Gold fig black gold;

die Schwarze Kunst (Alchimie) the black art; (Druckkunst) the art of printing;

schwarze Magie Black Magic;

der schwarze Mann (Afrikaner) the black (man); umg (Schornsteinfeger) the chimney sweep; umg (Kinderschreck) the bogeyman;

das Schwarze Meer GEOG the Black Sea;

schwarze Messe Black Mass;

der Schwarze Tod MED, HIST the Black Death;

Schwarze Witwe ZOOL black widow

3. fig:

schwarz auf weiß in black and white, in cold print;

das kann ich dir schwarz auf weiß geben you can take that from me;

wieder schwarze Zahlen schreiben be in the black again;

da kann er warten, bis er schwarz wird umg he can wait till he’s blue in the face

4. (düster) black, gloomy;

schwarzer Humor black humo(u)r; THEAT black comedy;

schwarzen Gedanken nachhängen (auf Rache sinnen) be plotting revenge; (schwermütig sein) be sunk in gloom (and despondency)

5. (ungesetzlich) illicit, illegal;

schwarzer Markt black market;

schwarze Kasse POL slush fund;

die schwarzen Konten der Partei the party’s illegal accounts, the party’s slush funds;

schwarze Liste black list;

jemanden auf die schwarze Liste setzen blacklist sb

6. umg, POL (konservativ) conservative, right-wing; BRD: Christian Democrat; REL (katholisch) Catholic

7. (schlecht)

ein schwarzer Tag a black day;

der Schwarze Freitag Black Friday;

es sieht schwarz für ihn aus things are looking black ( oder bad) for him

8.

schwarzes Loch ASTRON black hole;

schwarzer Körper PHYS black body

9.

Schwarzer Peter (Spiel) etwa old maid;

jemandem den schwarzen Peter zuspielen umg, fig pass the buck to sb

10. Kartenspiel:

schwarz werden not win a single trick; → Schaf etc

B. adv

1. geschrieben, gekleidet etc: in black; färben, streichen: black;

schwarz gerändert Umschlag etc: meist attr black-edged; Augen: dark-rimmed;

schwarz gerändert sein have black edges; Augen: have dark rims ( oder shadows);

schwarz gestreift black-striped, with black stripes;

schwarz gestreift sein have black stripes;

schwarz umrandet with a black border;

seinen Kaffee/Tee schwarz trinken drink one’s coffee black/one’s tea without milk

2. (illegal) illegally, illicitly;

schwarz kaufen/verkaufen buy/sell on the black market;

schwarz Schnaps brennen distil(l) spirits (US liquor) illicitly;

schwarz über die Grenze gehen cross the border illegally;

etwas schwarz machen lassen (in Schwarzarbeit) have sth made by a moonlighter;

schwarz verdientes Geld money earned by moonlighting; → auch schwarzfahren, schwarzschlachten etc

3. POL:

schwarz wählen vote for the right-wing candidate; BRD: vote Christian Democrat; Österreich: vote for the People’s Party; → auch blau

* * *

* * *

ebony adj. adj.

black adj. adv.

blackly adv.

1. allg. black (auch Kaffee, Tee, Hautfarbe); (sonnenverbrannt)... with a dark tan, dark brown; umg. (schmutzig) black, filthy; schwarz wie die Nacht / Ebenholz (as) black as night / ebony; die schwarzen Amerikaner the African Americans; du hast dich im Gesicht schwarz gemacht you’ve got your face all black; schwarze Finger / Fingernägel black ( oder grubby) fingers / fingernails; schwarz werden (schmutzig) get black ( oder filthy dirty); Silber: tarnish, go black; mir wurde schwarz vor Augen everything went black; schwarz von Menschen Straße etc.: swarming with people

2. feste Kombinationen: schwarze Blattern MED. smallpox; schwarzes Brett notice board, bulletin board; der Schwarze Erdteil the Dark Continent; schwarzes Gold fig. black gold; die schwarze Kunst (Alchimie) the black art; (Druckkunst) the art of printing; schwarze Magie Black Magic; der schwarze Mann (Afrikaner) the black (man); umg. (Schornsteinfeger) the chimney sweep; umg. (Kinderschreck) the bogeyman; das Schwarze Meer GEOG. the Black Sea; schwarze Messe Black Mass; der schwarze Tod MED., HIST. the Black Death; Schwarze Witwe ZOOL. black widow

3. fig.: schwarz auf weiß in black and white, in cold print; das kann ich dir schwarz auf weiß geben you can take that from me; wieder schwarze Zahlen schreiben be in the black again; da kann er warten, bis er schwarz wird umg. he can wait till he’s blue in the face

4. (düster) black, gloomy; schwarzer Humor black humo(u)r; THEAT. black comedy; schwarzen Gedanken nachhängen (auf Rache sinnen) be plotting revenge; (schwermütig sein) be sunk in gloom (and despondency)

5. (ungesetzlich) illicit, illegal; schwarzer Markt black market; schwarze Kasse POL. slush fund; die schwarzen Konten der Partei the party’s illegal accounts, the party’s slush funds; schwarze Liste black list; jemanden auf die schwarze Liste setzen blacklist s.o.

6. umg., POL. (konservativ) conservative, right-wing; BRD: Christian Democrat; RELI. (katholisch) Catholic

7. (schlecht) ein schwarzer Tag a black day; der Schwarze Freitag Black Friday; es sieht schwarz für ihn aus things are looking black ( oder bad) for him

8. schwarzes Loch ASTRON. black hole; schwarzer Körper PHYS. black body

9. Schwarzer Peter (Spiel) etwa old maid; jemandem den schwarzen Peter zuspielen umg., fig. pass the buck to s.o.

10. Kartenspiel: schwarz werden not win a single trick; Schaf etc.

1. geschrieben, gekleidet etc.: in black; färben, streichen: black; schwarz gerändert Umschlag etc.: meist attr. black-edged; Augen: dark-rimmed; schwarz gerändert sein have black edges; Augen: have dark rims ( oder shadows); schwarz gestreift black-striped, with black stripes; schwarz gestreift sein have black stripes; schwarz umrandet with a black border; seinen Kaffee / Tee schwarz trinken drink one’s coffee black / one’s tea without milk

2. (illegal) illegally, illicitly; schwarz kaufen / verkaufen buy / sell on the black market; schwarz Schnaps brennen distil(l) spirits (Am. liquor) illicitly; schwarz über die Grenze gehen cross the border illegally; etw. schwarz machen lassen (in Schwarzarbeit) have s.th. made by a moonlighter; schwarz verdientes Geld money earned by moonlighting; siehe auch schwarzfahren, schwarzschlachten etc.

3. pessimistisch: schwarz malen paint a gloomy picture (of), see the gloomy side (of); grundsätzlich: take a very pessimistic view (of); alles schwarz malen always see the gloomy side of things; musst du immer alles schwarz malen? auch do you have to be so pessimistic about everything?; schwarz sehen be pessimistic ( für about), take a dim view of things; grundsätzlich: always look on the dark side of things; da sehe ich aber schwarz I don’t think there’s much hope, things don’t look too good; ich sehe schwarz für ihn auch I don’t see ( oder hold out) much hope for him

4. umg.: sich schwarz ärgern be hopping mad; ich hab mich schwarz geärgert (über mich selbst) I could have kicked myself

5. POL.: schwarz wählen vote for the right-wing candidate; BRD: vote Christian Democrat; Österreich: vote for the People’s Party; siehe auch blau

* * *

black

* * *

nt -, no pl inv

* * *

1) (of the colour in which these words are printed: black paint.) black

2) (without milk: black coffee.) black

3) (evil: black magic.) black

4) ((especially South Africa) coloured; of mixed descent (increasingly used by people of mixed descent to refer to themselves).) black

5) (the colour in which these words are printed: Black and white are opposites.) black

6) (something (eg paint) black in colour: I've used up all the black.) black

7) ( adjective black as ebony.) ebony

8) (of the colour of soot.) sooty

* * *

nt kein pl black

in \Schwarz in black

in \Schwarz gehen [o sein] to wear black

* * *

* * *

Schwarz n; -(es), kein pl

1. black (auch Farbe, Kleidung, beim Spiel);

reines Schwarz pure black;

absolutes Schwarz PHYS absolute black;

aus Schwarz Weiß machen wollen fig try to twist things

2. Kleidung:

in Schwarz gehen oder

Schwarz tragen be (dressed) in black, wear black;

ganz in Schwarz gekleidet sein be dressed entirely in black;

er trägt nur Schwarz he only wears black

* * *

* * *

ebony adj. adj.

black adj. adv.

blackly adv.

"schwarz;

Schwarz"

* * *

1. adj black

2. m (colore) black

* * *

nero agg.

1 black; ( scuro) dark: mi occorrono un paio di scarpe nere, I need a pair of black shoes; capelli, occhi neri, dark hair, eyes; nuvole nere, dark clouds; nero come l'ebano, come l'inchiostro, come il carbone, as black as ebony, as ink, as coal // pane nero, brown bread // caffè nero, black coffee // pelle nera, dark skin // una foto in bianco e nero, a black and white photograph // occhiali neri, dark (o sun) glasses // il Continente Nero, the Dark Continent // il Mar Nero, the Black Sea // libro nero, black books (o black paper): se lo farai ti segnerò sul mio libro nero, if you do that, you will be in my black books // magia nera, black art (o magic) // l'angelo nero, the Devil

2 ( sporco) dirty, black: mani nere, dirty hands; i polsini della tua camicia sono neri, the cuffs of your shirt are black (with dirt)

3 ( tetro, malinconico) black, gloomy: era nero in volto, his face was drawn (o anxious); vedere tutto nero, to look on the dark side of things; ha una visione nera del futuro, he takes a gloomy view of the future; sono di umore nero oggi, I'm in a black mood today; pensieri neri, gloomy thoughts; giornata nera, black day // è un periodo nero, it's a troubled period // sono nero di rabbia, I'm seething // la vedo nera per te, things are looking black for you // romanzo nero, horror story

4 ( estremo, più profondo) deepest, dire: miseria nera, dire poverty; disperazione nera, black (o deepest) despair

5 (fig.) ( scellerato, empio) wicked, black: un'anima nera, a wicked soul; nera ingratitudine, deepest ingratitude; calunnia nera, wicked slander

6 ( illegale) black, illegal: mercato nero, borsa nera, black market; economia nera, black economy; lavoro nero, moonlighting; fondi neri, slush fund

7 ( del fascismo) fascist: le trame nere, neo-fascist conspiracies // camicie nere, black shirts.

nero s.m.

1 black: chiesa parata a nero, church hung with black; tingere in nero, to dye black; vestir di nero, to dress in black: una donna vestita di nero, a woman dressed in black // (pitt.) nero di avorio, ivory black // mettere nero su bianco, to write (a few lines), ( metter per iscritto) to put things down in black and white // non distingue il bianco dal nero, (fig.) he can't tell black from white // il nero vince, ( scacchi) black wins // (econ.): in nero, in the black: contabilità in nero, ( in credito) accounts in the black; assumere dipendenti in nero, to employ (o to hire) workers illegally // (tv) in nero, ( crittato) encrypted, coded

2 ( persona di colore) black: i neri d'Africa, the blacks from Africa

3 ( fascista) Fascist

4 (tip.) black, extra bold.

* * *

1. agg

1) (colore) black, (scuro) dark, (pelle: abbronzata) tanned

2) (negro: razza) black

3) (fig : disperazione, futuro) black, (giornata) awful

4)

2. sm

(colore) black

3. sm/f

(persona) black, black man (woman)

* * *

1) [abito, fumo, capelli] black; [ occhi] dark

2) (sporco) [mani, collo] black, filthy

3) (buio, scuro) [notte, cielo] dark

4) (africano) [razza, pelle, quartiere] black

5) (abbronzato)

6) (illegale, clandestino)

7) (cupo, negativo) [epoca, anno] bad, bleak; [giornata, settimana] black; [ miseria] dire, abject

8) (cattivo) [ anima] wicked, dark

sostantivo maschile (f. -a)

1) (colore) black

2) (persona di pelle nera) black, Black

3) (clandestinità)

4) gioc. (negli scacchi, nella dama, alla roulette) black

••

* * *

nero

/'nero/ ⇒ 3

I aggettivo

 1 [abito, fumo, capelli] black; [ occhi] dark; essere nero di botte to be black and blue

 2 (sporco) [mani, collo] black, filthy

 3 (buio, scuro) [notte, cielo] dark

 4 (africano) [razza, pelle, quartiere] black

 5 (abbronzato) essere nero o avere la pelle -a to have a dark tan

 6 (illegale, clandestino) lavoro nero = work for which no earnings are declared, under the table job

 7 (cupo, negativo) [epoca, anno] bad, bleak; [giornata, settimana] black; [ miseria] dire, abject; nella più -a disperazione in deepest despair; vedere tutto nero to look on the dark side; è d'umore nero he's in one of his dark moods

 8 (cattivo) [ anima] wicked, dark; messa, magia -a black mass, magic

II sostantivo maschile

 (f. -a)

 1 (colore) black; vestito di nero dressed in black; in bianco e nero [film, foto, televisione] black and white

 2 (persona di pelle nera) black, Black; i -i the blacks, black people; i -i d'America black Americans, African Americans

 3 (clandestinità) in nero on the side, illegally; lavorare in nero = to work without declaring one's earnings, under the table

 4 gioc. (negli scacchi, nella dama, alla roulette) black

IDIOMS

è scritto qui nero su bianco here it is in black and white, it's set down here in black and white; nero come la pece pitch-black; nero come il carbone as black as coal; essere la bestia -a di qcn. to be a bugbear for sb.

( decl like adj) ( Murzyn) Black

* * *

1. ( o kolorze) black; czarna kawa black coffee; mała/duża czarna pot. small/big black coffee; czarne koszule hist. (= włoscy faszyści) the Blackshirts; czarna rasa the black race, the Negroid race; czarna ziemia black earth; czarny jak smoła pitch-black, (as) black as pitch; (as) black as ink; (= pogrążony w ciemności) pitch-dark; czarny jak węgiel coal-black, (as) black as coal; w czarną noc in the black of the night.

2. her. sable; na czarnym polu on sable.

3. (= brudny, usmolony) dirty, sooty; czarny jak święta ziemia as black as a sweep.

4. przen. (często podkreśla negatywne cechy, rozpacz, pesymizm itp.) czarny charakter villain; pot. bad guy, baddie; czarny humor black humor; czarne kino film noir; czarna komedia black comedy; czarny kryminał hardboiled detective fiction; czarny koń dark horse; czarna lista black list; czarna magia black magic, black art, sorcery; czarna msza black mass; czarna nienawiść/rozpacz black hatred/despair; czarna owca black sheep; czarna strona czegoś the dark side of sth; czarny rynek black market; czarna śmierć (= zaraza, epidemia dżumy) the Black Death; malować kogoś/coś w czarnych barwach paint sb/sth black; (zachować coś) na czarną godzinę (save sth) against a rainy day.

5. ( w nazwach roślin i zwierząt) czarny bocian orn. black stork ( Ciconia nigra); czarny łabędź orn. black swan ( Cygnus atratus); czarny bez bot. elder ( Sambucus nigra); czarna jagoda bot. blueberry ( Vaccinium myrtillus); czarne korzonki bot. (= wężymord, skorzonera) scorzonera, black l. Spanish salsify ( Scorzonera hispanica); czarna porzeczka bot. blackcurrant ( Ribes nigrum); czarna wdowa ent. ( pająk) black widow ( Latrodectus mactans); niedźwiedź czarny zool. (American) black bear ( Ursus americanus); olcha l. olsza czarna bot. European alder ( Alnus glutinosa); świerk czarny bot. black spruce ( Picea mariana); topola czarna bot. black poplar ( Populus nigra).

6. ( w terminach naukowych i technicznych) ciało czarne fiz. black body; czarna dziura astron. black hole; czarna ospa pat. smallpox, variola; czarna skrzynka lotn. black box.

7. (= ciemnoskóry) black, dark-skinned; (= dotyczący Murzynów) Black; Czarny Ląd przest. (= Afryka) the Dark Continent.

1. pot. (= Murzyn) Black.

2. pot., euf. (= diabeł) the Black One.

1. schwarz <schwärzer, schwärzeste> [ʃvarts] adj

1) ( eine tiefdunkle Färbung aufweisend) black;

es geschah in \Schwarzer Nacht it happened in the dead of night;

\Schwarzer Kaffee black coffee;

\Schwarz von Menschen crowded out, packed

2) (fam: sehr schmutzig) black [as an old boot];

\Schwarze Fingernägel haben to have grimy fingernails;

wo bist du denn so \Schwarz [am Hemd/an der Jacke] geworden? where did you manage to get [your shirt/jacket] so dirty?

3) attr (fam: illegal) illicit;

\Schwarzes Geld untaxed money;

die \Schwarze Benutzung von Software the illegal [or illicit] use of software;

der \Schwarze Besitz/ Erwerb einer Schusswaffe ist strafbar ownership of/buying a firearm without [holding] a licence is a criminal offence;

er unterhält neben dem offiziellen noch ein \Schwarzes Konto in addition to his official account he also has another [or a separate] one for [all] his shady deals

4) ( selten) (fam: katholisch) Catholic and conservative;

ihre Eltern waren so \Schwarz, dass... her parents were such staunch Catholics that...;

\Schwarz wählen ( fam) to vote for the Christian Democrats [in Germany]

5) ( unglücklich) black;

der S\Schwarze Freitag fin Black Friday

6) ( abgründig) black;

\Schwarzer Humor black humour;

\Schwarze Gedanken evil thoughts

7) ( negrid) black;

der S\Schwarze Erdteil the Dark Continent

\Schwarz auf weiß in black and white [or writing];

bis jd \Schwarz wird ( fam) till the cows come home; s. a. Brett, Erdteil, Gold, Kaffee, Liste, Mann, Magie, Markt, Meer, Messe, Peter, Schaf, Seele, Tee, Tod, Witwe

1) (mit \Schwarzer Farbe) black

2) (fam: auf illegale Weise) illicitly;

etw \Schwarz kaufen to buy sth illicitly [or on the black market];

etw \Schwarz verdienen to earn sth without paying tax on it [or ( fam) on the side];

\Schwarz über die Grenze gehen to cross the border illegally

2. Schwarz <-[es]> [ʃvarts] nt

kein pl black;

in \Schwarz in black;

in \Schwarz gehen [o sein] to wear black

1. schwarz <schwärzer, schwärzeste> [ʃvarts] adj

1) ( eine tiefdunkle Färbung aufweisend) black;

es geschah in \schwarzer Nacht it happened in the dead of night;

\schwarzer Kaffee black coffee;

\schwarz von Menschen crowded out, packed

2) (fam: sehr schmutzig) black [as an old boot];

\schwarze Fingernägel haben to have grimy fingernails;

wo bist du denn so \schwarz [am Hemd/an der Jacke] geworden? where did you manage to get [your shirt/jacket] so dirty?

3) attr (fam: illegal) illicit;

\schwarzes Geld untaxed money;

die \schwarze Benutzung von Software the illegal [or illicit] use of software;

der \schwarze Besitz/ Erwerb einer Schusswaffe ist strafbar ownership of/buying a firearm without [holding] a licence is a criminal offence;

er unterhält neben dem offiziellen noch ein \schwarzes Konto in addition to his official account he also has another [or a separate] one for [all] his shady deals

4) ( selten) (fam: katholisch) Catholic and conservative;

ihre Eltern waren so \schwarz, dass... her parents were such staunch Catholics that...;

\schwarz wählen ( fam) to vote for the Christian Democrats [in Germany]

5) ( unglücklich) black;

der S\schwarze Freitag fin Black Friday

6) ( abgründig) black;

\schwarzer Humor black humour;

\schwarze Gedanken evil thoughts

7) ( negrid) black;

der S\schwarze Erdteil the Dark Continent

\schwarz auf weiß in black and white [or writing];

bis jd \schwarz wird ( fam) till the cows come home; s. a. Brett, Erdteil, Gold, Kaffee, Liste, Mann, Magie, Markt, Meer, Messe, Peter, Schaf, Seele, Tee, Tod, Witwe

1) (mit \schwarzer Farbe) black

2) (fam: auf illegale Weise) illicitly;

etw \schwarz kaufen to buy sth illicitly [or on the black market];

etw \schwarz verdienen to earn sth without paying tax on it [or ( fam) on the side];

\schwarz über die Grenze gehen to cross the border illegally

2. Schwarz <-[es]> [ʃvarts] nt

kein pl black;

in \schwarz in black;

in \schwarz gehen [o sein] to wear black

1) ( о цвете) black

2) ( имеющий тёмный цвет кожи) black

3) (в названиях нек-рых животных, растений, минералов, продуктов) black

4) ( тёмный) black, pitch-black

5) ( грязный) black, dirty

6) (непарадный, подсобный) back (attr)

7) эк. (неофициальный, скрытый от отчётности) black

8) (подлый, преступный) black, base

9) (мрачный, безрадостный) black, dark, gloomy

10) (с названиями дней недели, в к-рые произошли какие-л трагические события) black

11) с. как сущ. ( об одежде) black

12) м. и ж. как сущ. (негр, чернокожий) Black

13) мн. как сущ. шахм. Black sg

••

Africa, The Dark Continent, Dark Continent.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 Africa

* * *

* * *

SF Africa

* * *

* * *

= Africa.

Ex. We need, for example, at least another acquisition center in Africa.

----

* Africa occidental = West Africa.

* Africa Oriental = East Africa.

* Africa subsahariana = sub-Saharan Africa.

* Cuerno de Africa, el = Horn of Africa, the.

* de Africa occidental = West African.

* Libros de Texto para Africa (TAP) = Textbooks for Africa (TAP).

* PADIS (Sistema de Información para el Desarrollo de Africa) = PADIS (Pan-African Development Information System).

* regiones salvajes de Africa, las = wilds of Africa, the.

* Sur de Africa = Southern Africa.

* * *

* * *

* * *

tb el África Africa

southern Africa

North Africa

Black Africa

West Africa

East Africa

* * *

◊ el áfrica Africa

* * *

África n

Africa

el África negra Black Africa;

África del Norte North Africa;

África occidental West Africa;

África oriental East Africa;

el África subsahariana sub-Saharan Africa;

África del Sur Southern Africa

* * *

f Africa

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   ■ Baptista, Jacinto. Caminhos para uma revolução. Lisbon, 1975. Barreto, Antônio. Memórias da Reforma Agrária. Mem Martins: Europa-Amé-rica, 1983.

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   ■ Bermeo, Nancy Gina. "Worker Management in Industry: Reconciling Representative Government and Industrial Democracy in a Polarized Society." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 181-98. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. The Revolution within the Revolution: Workers' Control in Rural Portugal. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■ Braeckman, Colette. Portugal: Revolution surveilée. Brussels: Rossei, 1975.

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   ■. Alvorada em Abril. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Cid, Augusto. PREC-Processo Revolucionário Eventualmente Chocante. Viseu, 1977.

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   ■ Costa Pinto, Antônio, ed. Modern Portugal. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■, and Nuno Severiano Teixeira, eds. Southern Europe and the Making of the European Union. New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 2002.

   ■ Cunhal, Alvaro. A Revolução Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999.

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   ■. Revolution at the Grassroots: Community Organizations in the Portuguese Revolution. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1989.

   ■ Dufour, Jean-Marc. Prague sur Tage. Paris, 1975.

   ■ Durão Barroso, José. Le systémepolitiqueportugais face à l'intégration euro-péenne. Lisbon, 1983.

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   ■. "Preface." In J. Calvet de Magalhães, A. de Vasconcelos, and J. Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.

   ■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.

   ■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.

   ■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.

   ■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.

   ■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.

   ■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.

   ■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.

   ■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.

   ■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.

   ■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.

   ■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.

   ■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

   ■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.

   ■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.

   ■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.

   ■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).

   ■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).

   ■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.

   ■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.

   ■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.

   ■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.

   ■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.

   ■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.

   ■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.

   ■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.

   ■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.

   ■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.

   ■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

   ■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).

   ■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.

   ■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.

   ■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.

   ■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].

   ■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.

   ■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.

   ■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.

   ■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.

   ■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,

   ■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

   ■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).

   ■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.

   ■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Stock, Maria José. Os Partidos do Poder: Dez Anos Depois do " 25 De Abril." Evora, 1986.

   ■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.

   ■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.

   ■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.

   ■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.

   ■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.

   ■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA

   ■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.

   ■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.

   ■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.

   ■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.

   ■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.

   ■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.

   ■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.

   ■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.

   ■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.

   ■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.

   ■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.

   ■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY

   ■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).

   ■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da

   ■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.

   ■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.

   ■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.

   ■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.

   ■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

   ■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.

   ■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.

   ■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.

   ■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:

   ■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.

   ■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS

   ■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.

   ■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.

   ■. The Journal of William Beckford in Portugal and Spain 1787-1788.

   ■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.

   ■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.

   ■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.

   ■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.

   ■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.

   ■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.

   ■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.

   ■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.

   ■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.

   ■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.

   ■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.

   ■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.

   ■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

   ■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.

   ■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.

   ■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.

   ■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.

   ■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.

   ■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.

   ■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.

   ■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.

   ■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.

   ■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.

   ■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.

   ■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.

   ■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.

   ■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.

   ■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

   ■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.

   ■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.

   ■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.

   ■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.

   ■. Navegadores, viajantes e adventureiros portugueses: Séculos XV e XVI. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.

   ■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.

   ■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.

   ■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.

   ■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.

   ■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.

   ■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.

   ■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.